Acute toxicity of sublethal concentrations of thiacloprid and clothianidin to immune response and oxidative status of honey bees

The use of insecticides, especially neonicotinoids (NEOCs), poses a significant threat to honey bees, thus prompting the EU ban all outdoor uses clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam. However, due persistence NEOCs, as well fact that certain NEOCs are in some areas world, exposure them is still an on-going issue. In present study, we used laboratory acute toxicity test examine effects sublethal concentrations (resulting consumed doses approximately 50, 20, 5 times below LD50) thiacloprid clothianidin on selected parameters antioxidative defense (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase activities), oxidative status (reduced glutathione, protein thiols, malondialdehyde), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase activity), immune response (prophenoloxidase phenoloxidase activities) bees. Results indicated both neonicotinoids’ promote stress bees affect their defense. impair detoxification abilities through reduced activity, disturb decreased prophenoloxidase activities, which can explain high these substances